High Energy Density Lithium Flow Battery Design

Traditional sandwich cell battery chemistries are used in a flow cell where a pump circulates fluid between electrodes through a permeable membrane.  The energy densities of these batteries are many fold higher than flow batteries where one or more reagent is stored in the electrolyte.  Side-by-side comparisons with sandwich (diffusion) batteries show considerable increases in delivered energy at high loads as well as higher power densities.