Monday, November 5, 2007 - 1:12 PM
84c

Downstream Development of Drag Reduction by Pipe Wall Injection of Concentrated Polyox into Water at Reynolds Number 55000

Preetinder S. Virk1, Aline M. Thomas2, Steven R. Liu2, and Mary-Elizabeth Biszko2. (1) Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, (2) Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139

The downstream development of drag reduction following wall injection of concentrated polyethyleneoxide solutions into a turbulent water flow was studied by simultaneous pressure drop and flow visualization measurements at Reynolds number 55000 in a transparent acrylic test pipe of 15.7 mm ID and L/D = 330. The experiments partially modeled drag reduction in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, by roughly matching (i) the pipe friction velocity u¦" ~ 0.15 m/s, (ii) the backbone chain links Nbb ~ 0.5x106 and downstream concentrations Cline ~ 5 wppm of the polymer additive and (iii) the wall injection of concentrated polymer through equi-spaced circumferential ports at friction-normalized injection velocities Vinj+ ~ 1 << mean velocity V+ ~ 20. Polymer dissolution into the flow was assessed two ways, (i) from the initial increase in fractional drag reduction DR towards the eventual downstream DRline, which provided a characteristic development distance (L/D)dr and (ii) from visual observation and flash photography to reveal a characteristic distance (L/D)pv when red-dyed strands of the injected solution disappeared. Specific results were: (i) Friction factors for solvent, distilled water, adhered to the Prandtl-Karman law for fully-developed turbulent flow in smooth pipes, and injection of red-dyed water "blanks" gave (L/D)pv = 45±5, with corresponding eddy diffusivity to kinematic viscosity ratio (¦Å/¦Í) = 140, of the magnitude expected at our Re°Ìf = 4000. (ii) Concentrated polymer solutions with Cinj from 500 to 5000 wppm provided downstream polymer concentrations Cline from 1 to 50 wppm that exhibited DRline from 0.49 to 0.74, the latter close to the asymptotic maximum drag reduction MDR = 0.78 possible at the present Re = 55000. (iii) Drag reduction development distances (L/D)dr = 79±7 were essentially constant over the 10- and 50-fold ranges of Cinj and Cline respectively traversed. (iv) Dyed polymer strand disappearance distances were (L/D)pv = [140±30, 250±50, ~330, >330] at Cline = [1.0, 2.0, ~5, °Ý10] wppm, respectively, all of the latter attained with each of two Cinj = 500 and 1000 wppm. The insensitivity of (L/D)dr to Cline possibly reflects the rapid initial disruption and dissolution of the original polymer "threads" injected into a Newtonian turbulence, whereas the exquisite sensitivity of (L/D)pv upon Cline might mirror slow dissolution of the final polymer "strands" in a drag-reduced turbulence.